Listing posts

cp /usr/share/i18n/locales/en_US /usr/share/i18n/locales/en_US@iso8601
# integrate desired config from /usr/share/i18n/locales/it_IT

# add new entry to supported locales
mkdir -p /usr/local/share/i18n
echo "en_US@iso8601 UTF-8" >> /usr/local/share/i18n/SUPPORTED

# compile new entry
dpkg-reconfigure locales  # add en_US@iso8601 and set it as default

# test after re-login
locale  # LANG=en_US@iso8601
date    # 2024-12-30 15:32:51 CET

custom entry

comment_char %
escape_char /

% USA English locale +EUR +ISO8601 dates +A4 paper

LC_IDENTIFICATION
title      "English locale for the USA (+EUR +ISO8601 dates +A4 paper)"
source     "Free Software Foundation, Inc."
address    "https:////www.gnu.org//software//libc//"
contact    ""
email      "bug-glibc-locales@gnu.org"
tel        ""
fax        ""
language   "American English"
territory  "United States"
revision   "1.0"
date       "2024-12-30"

category "i18n:2012";LC_IDENTIFICATION
category "i18n:2012";LC_CTYPE
category "i18n:2012";LC_COLLATE
category "i18n:2012";LC_TIME
category "i18n:2012";LC_NUMERIC
category "i18n:2012";LC_MONETARY
category "i18n:2012";LC_MESSAGES
category "i18n:2012";LC_PAPER
category "i18n:2012";LC_NAME
category "i18n:2012";LC_ADDRESS
category "i18n:2012";LC_TELEPHONE
category "i18n:2012";LC_MEASUREMENT
END LC_IDENTIFICATION

LC_CTYPE
copy "en_GB"
END LC_CTYPE

LC_COLLATE
copy "iso14651_t1"
END LC_COLLATE

LC_MONETARY
int_curr_symbol     "EUR "
currency_symbol     "<U20AC>"
mon_decimal_point   "."
mon_thousands_sep   ","
mon_grouping        3;3
positive_sign       ""
negative_sign       "-"
int_frac_digits     2
frac_digits         2
p_cs_precedes       1
int_p_sep_by_space  1
p_sep_by_space      0
n_cs_precedes       1
int_n_sep_by_space  1
n_sep_by_space      0
p_sign_posn         1
n_sign_posn         1
END LC_MONETARY

LC_NUMERIC
decimal_point   "."
thousands_sep   ","
grouping        3;3
END LC_NUMERIC

LC_TIME
abday "Sun";"Mon";"Tue";"Wed";"Thu";"Fri";"Sat"
day   "Sunday";"Monday";"Tuesday";"Wednesday";"Thursday";"Friday";"Saturday"
abmon "Jan";"Feb";"Mar";"Apr";"May";"Jun";"Jul";"Aug";"Sep";"Oct";"Nov";"Dec"
mon   "January";"February";"March";"April";"May";"June";"July";"August";"September";"October";"November";"December"

week  7;19971130;4
first_weekday 2
first_workday 2

% date and time representation (%c)
d_t_fmt "%F %T"

% date representation (%x)
d_fmt   "%Y-%m-%d"

% time representation (%X)
t_fmt   "%T"

% Strings for AM/PM
am_pm "AM";"PM"

% AM/PM time representation (%r)
t_fmt_ampm "%I:%M:%S %p"

% Appropriate date and time representation for date(1).  This is
% different from d_t_fmt for historical reasons and has been different
% since 2000 when date_fmt was added as a GNU extension.  At the end
% of 2018 it was adjusted to use 12H time (bug 24046) instead of 24H.
date_fmt "%F %T %Z"
END LC_TIME

LC_PAPER
% show current: locale -k LC_PAPER  # A4 = 297 x 210
copy "i18n"
END LC_PAPER

LC_MEASUREMENT
copy "i18n"
END LC_MEASUREMENT

LC_MESSAGES
yesexpr "^[+1yY]"
noexpr  "^[-0nN]"
yesstr  "yes"
nostr   "no"
END LC_MESSAGES

LC_NAME
name_fmt    "%d%t%g%t%m%t%f"
name_miss   "Miss."
name_mr     "Mr."
name_mrs    "Mrs."
name_ms     "Ms."
END LC_NAME

LC_ADDRESS
postal_fmt    "%a%N%f%N%d%N%b%N%h %s %e %r%N%T, %S %z%N%c%N"
country_name  "United States"
country_post  "USA"
country_ab2   "US"
country_ab3   "USA"
country_num   840
country_car   "USA"
country_isbn  0
lang_name     "English"
lang_ab       "en"
lang_term     "eng"
lang_lib      "eng"
END LC_ADDRESS

LC_TELEPHONE
tel_int_fmt    "+%c (%a) %l"
tel_dom_fmt    "(%a) %l"
int_select     "11"
int_prefix     "1"
END LC_TELEPHONE

Source: serverfault, ccollins

~~~ * ~~~

RaspberryPi server

12900 · cloud ·

Last update
2024-12-29

2024
12-29

«raspi, raspbian, nas, webdav, dlna, media center, torrent, rdp/vnc, print/scan, firewall, dns, monitoring, vpn, zram, android»

Update raspbian linux to latest version:

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get dist-upgrade
apt-get clean
apt-get autoremove
rpi-update # update firmware & kernel

apt-get purge bash-completion     # speed up shell TAB-auto completion

# --- os version update, eg: from jessie (deb8) to stretch (deb9)
sed -i 's/jessie/stretch/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
sed -i 's/jessie/stretch/g' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
# repeat the commands above, then check the current version:
cat /etc/os-release

Debian 10 upgrade: see rpi blog post notes and comments.

Change password, hostname, full xdm greeter:

sudo raspi-config # Change User Password; Hostname

# choose lightdm-gtk-greeter
sudo update-alternatives --config lightdm-greeter

Configure a static IP address (see also this and fallback method):

append the desired following blocks to /etc/dhcpcd.conf:

interface eth0
fallback mylan

SSID my_wifi_ssid
fallback mylan

interface wlan0
fallback mylan

profile mylan
static ip_address=192.168.1.110/24
static routers=192.168.1.1
static domain_name_servers=84.200.69.80 37.235.1.174 84.200.70.40 37.235.1.177

Note: Do not use the directive inform 192.168.1.110 because it breaks the UPS monitor.

Optional do not wait for network at boot: run raspi-config and select Boot > Wait for Network at Boot > No.

Tune kernel settings

disable 64 bit kernel image, put in /boot/config.txt:

1	arm_64bit=0

Disable IPv6: append ipv6.disable=1 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt or:

# via sysctl:
echo "net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf
# via modprobe:
echo "blacklist ipv6" >> /etc/modprobe.d/local.conf

Set autoreboot on kernel panic: append panic=5 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt or via sysctl:

1	echo "kernel.panic = 5" >> /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf

use eth0 as first ethernet device name (wiki)
- raspi-config > Advanced Options > Network Interface Names > disable predictable network i/f names
- append net.ifnames=0 to /boot/cmdline.txt
better/visible boot messages: append consoleblank=0 plymouth.enable=0 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt
Remove tv black borders: set disable_overscan=1 in the /boot/config.txt.
Fix slow usb mouse: append usbhid.mousepoll=0 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt.

Tune video settings

Run raspi-config and in the Advanced Options section, if using a raspberry pi 4 then enable both the GL driver and the Compositor otherwise turn them off.

Note: to ensure the loading of Pi4's VC4/GL driver make sure to uninstall Xorg frame buffer drivers:

1 2	apt install xserver-xorg-video-vesa apt purge xserver-xorg-video-fbdev xserver-xorg-video-fbturbo

Fix HDMI no signal

1
2
3

# /boot/config.txt
hdmi_force_hotplug=1
config_hdmi_boost=6

Fix Pi4's DRM mem error:

1	DRM_IOCTL_MODE_CREATE_DUMB failed: Cannot allocate memory

If you see the above error then use these /boot/config.txt settings:

# force HD, and prevent 4K memory drain (optional)
hdmi_group=1
hdmi_mode=16
[hdmi:0]
hdmi_max_pixel_freq=200000000
[hdmi:1]
hdmi_max_pixel_freq=200000000

[pi4]
# Enable DRM VC4 V3D driver on top of the dispmanx display stack (default driver)
dtoverlay=vc4-fkms-v3d
# number of active displays 1-2
max_framebuffers=1
# disable any memory split
#gpu_mem=256

and append cma=384M to /boot/cmdline.txt.

Tune audio settings

fix robotic/metallic audio

1 2	# add tsched=0 in /etc/pulse/default.pa on this line: load-module module-udev-detect tsched=0

disable microphone auto adjust (src1, src2, src3):

cd /usr/share/pulseaudio/alsa-mixer/paths
tar -czvf ../paths.tgz .  # backup
perl -pi -0 -e 's/(\[[A-Za-z ]*(Mic Boost|Capture)\][A-Za-z._=\s-]+volume *= *)merge/\1zero/g;' *mic*.conf
shutdown -r 0

to have a much better audio quality you can buy an usb soundcard (eg. PCM2704 DAC)

# /etc/modprobe.d/local-audio.conf

# https://alsa.opensrc.org/MultipleCards#Reordering_the_driver_for_a_particular_card
options snd_bcm2835    index=0
# get vendor and product IDs via "lsusb" (my PCM2704 has 08bb:27c4)
options snd-usb-audio  index=2,3,4 vid=0x08bb,0x1395,0x046d pid=0x27c4,0x0025,0x0836

# set default card in pulseaudio (taken from raspi-config script)
pulseaudio --check || pulseaudio -D
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/`id -g`
pacmd list-sinks | grep -e index -e alsa.name  # identify your card number
pactl set-default-sink 3

Tune wifi settings

# disable roaming
echo "options brcmfmac roamoff=1" >> /etc/modprobe.d/local.conf

# set correct regional domain
sed -i 's/REGDOMAIN=.*/REGDOMAIN=IT/' /etc/default/crda

# auto turn off power management
cd /etc/network/if-up.d/
echo -e '#!/bin/bash\n/sbin/iw dev wlan0 set power_save off' > local-wlan
chmod 755 local-wlan
# find an optimal MTU size via:
#   ping -c 2 -M do -s 1600 www.google.com
# then save it with:
echo "/sbin/ip link set dev wlan0 mtu 1400" >> local-wlan

Turn off bluetooth if unused, see this section.

Tune eth settings

Disable eee Energy Efficient Ethernet support

1	echo "dtparam=eee=off" >> /boot/config.txt

Force eth0 speed to 100Mbs full duplex:

create a device tree file cm4-disable-gigabit-ethernet.dts:

 /dts-v1/;
 /plugin/;

 / {
     /* Change the phy max-speed to 100 Mbps */
     fragment@0 {
         target = <&phy1>;
         __overlay__ {
             max-speed = <100>;
         };
     };
 };

compile and install:

1 2	sudo dtc -@ -Hepapr -I dts -O dtb -o /boot/overlays/cm4-disable-gigabit-ethernet.dtbo cm4-disable-gigabit-ethernet.dts echo "dtoverlay=cm4-disable-gigabit-ethernet" >> /boot/config.txt

Reduce power consumption:

turn off leds (RPIex, forum, lindevs) by putting in /boot/config.txt under the [pi4] tag:

[pi4]
# Disable the PWR LED
dtparam=pwr_led_trigger=default-on
dtparam=pwr_led_activelow=off

# Disable the Activity LED
dtparam=act_led_trigger=none
dtparam=act_led_activelow=off

# Disable ethernet port LEDs (0=ACT, 1=LNK)
dtparam=eth_led0=4
dtparam=eth_led1=4

you can also disable them at runtime:

# turn off power/act led
echo   0 > /sys/class/leds/default-on/brightness
echo   0 > /sys/class/leds/ACT/brightness
echo 255 > /sys/class/leds/PWR/brightness

1 2	# disable HDMI output (and set boot to console via raspi-config) /usr/bin/tvservice -o # -p to re-enable

set boot to console and reduce memory split:

1 2	raspi-config # Boot Options > Desktop / CLI > Console raspi-config # Advanced Options > Memory Split > 16

turn off unsued wlan/bluetooth (see /boot/overlays/README), put in /boot/config.txt:

1 2	dtoverlay=disable-wifi dtoverlay=disable-bt

and turn off the bluetooth services:

1 2	systemctl disable hciuart systemctl disable bluetooth

Overclock RPI4:

Add these lines in /boot/config.txt:

arm_freq=2048
v3d_freq=750
over_voltage=6
hdmi_enable_4kp60=1

optionally set performance cpu governor:

1 2	# /etc/rc.local echo performance > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor

Extend lifespan of mechanical HDD:

put in /etc/hdparm.conf:

/dev/sda {
  write_cache = on
  # -B -- disable Advanced Power Management
  apm = 254
  # -S -- 1h timeout
  spindown_time = 242
}

Extend lifespan of sdcard:

install my tmpfs-folders script and add a custom periodic cleaning of /var/log files in root crontab:

1 2	# m h dom mon dow command 0 0 * * 3 /opt/systemd-units/clear_var_log.sh > /dev/null 2> /dev/null

Extend your RAM by enabling ZRAM (compressed RAM):

put in /etc/rc.local:

if modprobe zram num_devices=1 ; then
  echo lz4  > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
  echo 384M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
  echo 768M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize

  mkswap /dev/zram0
  swapon -p 10 /dev/zram0

  sysctl vm.swappiness=90
fi

and optionally disable dphys-swapfile swapfile service:

1	systemctl disable dphys-swapfile

Setup a NAS (via NFS):

Server side commands:

apt-get install nfs-kernel-server

systemctl enable rpcbind # it's disabled by default...
systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server

# add a share to /etc/exports
echo "/path 192.168.1.0/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,all_squash,anonuid=1001,anongid=1001)" >> /etc/exports

exportfs -ra # reload server

and append these lines to /ect/rc.local:

1
2
3

# fix: nfs server doesn't start without rpcbind
systemctl start   rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server

Client side commands:

1 2	echo "192.168.1.110:/path /mnt/path nfs defaults,user,exec 0 0" >> /etc/fstab mount /mnt/path

Setup a remote desktop (via VNC):

You have three options:

Install the modern TigerVNC server, see the dedicated post
Use the lightdm TigerVNC service by enabling it in /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

Install the old TightVNC:

apt-get install tightvncserver
# set a password and run a LQ server on display 1:
vncpasswd
vncserver -geometry 1024x768 -depth 8 :1
vncviewer server_ip:1 # connect from another host

Setup a shared printer:

apt-get install cups
apt-get install hplip # HP printers drivers
hp-setup -i # install printer + dl drivers

elinks http://localhost:631
# Administration > Printers > Add printer
# Server settings > Share printers connected to this system

then turn the printer off and on again.

On Android you can install these apps: Let's print Droid, and Let's Print PDF.

Setup the firewall:

apt-get install ufw

ufw reset # reset to defaults

ufw default deny  incoming
ufw default allow outgoing

ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 # your intranet
ufw allow from x.x.x.x        # a trusted IP
ufw limit 22/tcp              # max 6 new connections every 30 seconds
ufw limit 2200:2230/udp       # mosh port range
ufw allow 1810:1820/tcp       # bittorent - data
ufw allow 1810:1820/udp
ufw allow 6881:6891/tcp       # bittorent - tracker
ufw allow 6881:6891/udp
ufw allow 6771/udp            # bittorent - local peer discovery

ufw enable

SSH access and tunnels:

Here is an example for creating some simple forward tunnels while connecting to a remote server:

# deluge thin client & web ui, vnc, nginx
ssh \
  -L 58846:localhost:58846 \
  -L 8112:localhost:8112   \
  -L 5901:localhost:5901   \
  -L 1234:localhost:1234   \
  user@server_addr

There are some great SSH clients as PuTTY for windows/linux and juiceSSH on Android.

Use mosh (even with juiceSSH!) to reliably connect from unstable or high latency networks:

1 2	apt-get install mosh # run this both on client and server mosh -p 2200:2230 user@server_addr # connect to opened UDP ports on server

Read the dedicated post for an advanced tunnel usage.

Read the dedicated post to setup a SOCKS proxy with SSH.

Note: if sshd is slow to start at boot (systemd-analyze blame) then install haveged to have more entropy. Also apply this patch if it's killed by systemd on debian bullseye:

mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/haveged.service.d
echo -e '[Service]\nSystemCallFilter=uname' > /etc/systemd/system/haveged.service.d/dietpi.conf
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart haveged

Save external syslog via rsyslog:

enable tcp/udp ports, uncomment these lines in /etc/rsyslog.conf

module(load="imudp")
input(type="imudp" port="514")

module(load="imtcp")
input(type="imtcp" port="514")

filter and save remote logs by IP, create /etc/rsyslog.d/router.conf

$template routerlog, "/var/log/router.log"

if $fromhost-ip startswith "192.168.1.1" then -?routerlog
& stop

restart service

1	systemctl restart rsyslog

configure the device (eg. a router) to use your raspi IP as the remote syslog server

Enable bluetooth without WiFi

disable WiFi by blacklisting its modules, add in /etc/modprobe.d/local-wifi.conf:

1 2	blacklist brcmfmac blacklist brcmutil

set enable_uart=1 in /boot/config.txt
ensure /boot/cmdline.txt contains this text in this exact order:

1	console=serial0,115200 console=tty1

enable services:

1 2	systemctl enable hciuart systemctl enable bluetooth

Dedicated posts:

Tools:

1
2
3

apt-get install rpi-chromium-mods # video acceleration on google chrome
apt-get install remmina           # very handy VNC/SSH GUI
apt-get install omxplayer         # accelerated cli media player

Fast/light web browsers:
- kweb - raspberry pi's custom webkit build with omxplayer support
- vivaldi - opera like browser
- midori

OMXplayer GUIs:

gomx -- light Python+Tk via python-omxplayer-wrapper

sudo apt install libdbus-1-dev libglib2.0-dev
pip install omxplayer-wrapper
wget -O ~/bin/gomx https://github.com/vladcc/gomx/raw/master/gomx/gomx.py
chmod 755 ~/bin/gomx
sed -i 's/^PL_WIN_PAD = .*/PL_WIN_PAD = 0/' ~/bin/gomx # adjust padding

tboplayer -- via pyomxplayer + youtube-dl + lyrics

raspi-keygen -- Patch for MPEG-2, VC-1 license (untested, use it at your own risk)

1 2	cd /boot && cp start.elf start.elf_backup && \ perl -pne 's/\x47\xE9362H\x3C\x18/\x47\xE9362H\x3C\x1F/g' < start.elf_backup > start.elf

latest mkvtoolnix for raspbian

Backup:

You can do a full/raw sdcard backup, a live/tar one, or an incremental one.

As an alternative to 7za you can use xz just like the gz command (or use the -J option of tar).

Incremental backup commands

# --- backup ----------------------------------------
cd /tmp && mkdir -p p1 p2
sudo mount -o ro /dev/sdc1 p1
sudo mount -o ro /dev/sdc2 p2

cd bkup-folder
sudo sfdisk -d /dev/sdc > ptable
mkdir -p p1 p2
sudo ribs -b --no-p p1 /tmp/p1
sudo ribs -b        p2 /tmp/p2

sudo umount /tmp/p?


# --- restore ---------------------------------------
cd bkup-folder

cd /tmp && mkdir -p p1 p2
sfdisk /dev/sdc < ptable
mkfs.vfat /dev/sdc1
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc2
sudo mount /dev/sdc1 p1
sudo mount /dev/sdc2 p2

sudo ribs -r p1 /tmp/p1
sudo ribs -r p2 /tmp/p2

cat ptable | grep label-id   # view old partition ID

# change to the new partition ID
sfdisk -d /dev/sdc | grep label-id
# update PARTUUID in p1/cmdline.txt 
# update PARTUUID in p2/etc/fstab

sudo umount /tmp/p?

Miscellanea:

turn TV/monitor on/off

1
2
3

cec-ctl -d/dev/cec0 --playback -S          # initialize
cec-ctl -d/dev/cec0 --to 0 --standby       # turn OFF
cec-ctl -d/dev/cec0 --to 0 --image-view-on # turn ON

Fix TV/monitor not detected unless powered on first:

1	sudo tvservice -d /boot/edid.dat

1
2
3

# /boot/config.txt
hdmi_edid_file=1
hdmi_force_hotplug=1

Test if we are on a raspberry (/sys, /proc/cpuinfo):

1 2	cat /sys/firmware/devicetree/base/model # Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Rev 1.2 grep Hardware /proc/cpuinfo # Hardware : BCM2708

To save space on new installs of ruby gems, put in ~/.gemrc:

1 2	install: --no-rdoc --no-ri --no-document update: --no-rdoc --no-ri --no-document

and to install a gem in the user $HOME use this command:

gem install --user-install bundler

# remember to update your PATH adding this line to ~/.bashrc
export PATH=$HOME/.gem/ruby/2.1.0/bin:$PATH

If you have a logitech wireless keyboard (eg: K400+) then you can use solaar to query and configure it:

git clone https://github.com/pwr/Solaar.git
cd Solaar/bin

solaar show all
solaar show 1 | grep Battery
solaar config 1 fn-swap off # toggle function keys

If you have a keyboard without the F# keys (like the kano keybord) you can emulate them with xdotool and then run it via xbindkeys:

sudo apt-get install xdotool xbindkeys xbindkeys-config
xdotool key ctrl+alt+F1  # emulate these key press
xbindkeys-config         # create and save your bindings
xbindkeys                # run daemon

or you can use xmodmap to remap existing keys:

1
2
3

xmodmap -pke | tee ~/.Xmodmap > ~/.Xmodmap-orig
nano    ~/.Xmodmap # edit keys
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap # load changes (run this on X startup)

see Xorg keyboard references on the bottom.

If you have a keyboard/remote with a poweroff key that shutsdown your PC immediately, then you can turn off this behaviour:
1 2
#/etc/systemd/logind.conf HandlePowerKey=ignore
then systemctl restart systemd-logind
To stop the auto cleanup of /dev/shm/ after a login:
1 2
#/etc/systemd/logind.conf RemoveIPC=no
then systemctl restart systemd-logind
Autostart programs when loggin in LXDE: put your commands prefixed by @ in ~/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart
Change video mode/resolution without rebooting -- see rpi forum post

# query available video modes
tvservice -m CEA
#Group CEA has 16 modes:
#           mode  4: 1280x720  @ 60Hz 16:9, clock:74MHz progressive 
#           mode 19: 1280x720  @ 50Hz 16:9, clock:74MHz progressive 
#  (prefer) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60Hz 16:9, clock:148MHz progressive 

# set custom video mode
tvservice -e "CEA 4 HDMI"
#fbset -depth 8 ; fbset -depth 16
fbset -g 1280 720 1280 720 16
xrefresh

# set default video mode
tvservice -p

Android/LineageOS: images by Konsta, forum
Zoom: arm port request, forum
qpdfview a PDF viewer better than xpdf (modern GUI, fast render, page preload and cache)

Notes:

Raspberry Pi 3 provides 1.2A USB current by default (no need to set max_usb_current=1 in /boot/config.txt). Of course a 2.5A PSU is mandatory.

Tips:

SenseHAT: blog post
hplayer (mplayer)
SSHfs
read-only sdcard: adafruits post from raspi post

Sources:

power consumption: pidramble, jeffgeerling
ZRAM: kernel, raspberry pi 3 gist, with-raspberrypi blog, stoned.io
NFS server in Raspbian: can't connect
Reduce SDcard wearing: stackexchange post e ramlog pkg
Xorg keyboard: keysym list, xmodmap tutorials by xahlee and archlinux wiki
upgrade raspbian8 to 9
Fix wifi poor performance + turn power management off + optimize

~~~ * ~~~

Lifehack: "eternal" razor blades

44 · cloud ·

HowTo

Last update
2024-12-28

2024
12-28

« — »

I wrote a whole thing about how you were wrong and just shaving with a safety razor and replacing the blade frequently would solve your problem, give a better shave, and reduce waste. I went looking for photos to show how dulling happens from blade use, and found a study that contradicts everything I thought I knew about how razor blades dull.

It turns out, you're right. Most dulling is caused by a combination of corrosion from water and from hard water deposits left on the blades from evaporation. Physical burring and microchips in the blade edge really don't affect the sharpness of a razor blade until it has been used for months.

The key is that you have to physically remove the water from the edges of the blade first before drying with a hair dryer or your breath. Just using a hair dryer means that the hard water scale will still happen.

I still think that using a safety razor gives a better shave overall, it reduces or eliminates the need for elaborate drying practices, and produces far less waste than cartridge razors. The difference in blade sharpness just isn't as extreme as I thought if you dry the blades properly.

Here's the study: https://knifesteelnerds.com/2021/01/11/what-causes-razor-blades-to-dull/ It has its limitations, but it does seem to eliminate microchipping as a significant cause of razor dulling.

and

Looks like washing in alcohol or distillated water will do the trick as well

Shake the water out and then put the shaving head in a small cup filled with baby or mineral oil

in addition

I wear blue jeans when I shave and I run the blade downward with the grain 8-12 times after I’m finished. This dries it, but it also helps hone the blade.

Source: reddit, a study, safety razors

~~~ * ~~~

Tasse su conto corrente e deposito

2014 · cloud ·

Banca

Info

Last update
2024-12-12

2024
12-12

«imposta bollo conti, banca, banche, interessi, tassi»

In ambo i rapporti si paga il 26% sugli interessi maturati.
Importo del bollo statale:
- Conto corrente: 34.20€ se saldo medio >= 5000€ altrimenti 0€
- Conto deposito: 0.2% del saldo se giacenza media >= 5000€ altrimenti 1€
  NB: con un tasso lordo di 0.28% si va a patta: 0.0028 * 0.74 - 0.002 =~ 0
  NB: conviene spostarli sul CC se: capitale > 34.2/(tasso * 0.74 - 0.002)

XLS confronto tassi/condizioni conti deposito

cerca il Cap. piú recente | last @ 2024/12/12 = Cap. XXII
indice

Fonte: ilportafoglio, confrontaconti

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